This paper analyses the effects of two recent reforms introduced in Italy since 2010 in an attempt to reduce prison …

Does early release decrease or increase the probability that ex-convicts will return to prison? We exploit unique data … in instrumental variable estimations and find that early releases reduce the propensity of prisoners to return to prison …

's criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a …. Exploring factors that may explain the preventive effect of incarceration, we find the decline in crime is driven by individuals …Understanding whether, and in what situations, time spent in prison is criminogenic or preventive has proven …

The majority of individuals released from prison face limited employment opportunities and do not successfully …