PPPs and the so-called common concessions are available and actually employed throughout all government levels in Brazil … Brazil. Under the Brazilian Constitution, the government must provide or build certain public utility services or … infrastructure works directly, by using its own departments and personnel, or indirectly through a government franchise. Such …

creating an economic shock that would lead to distributional conflicts and government repression. Compared to before the … government reactions rather than the pandemic itself. Pre-pandemic fragility accounts best for the region's rise in violence …

sub-Saharan African markets, whereas government assistance in the form of economic stimulus packages had no significant … study concludes that during the COVID-19 pandemic, stocks reacted more to government actions than the occurrence of the …