We employ a cointegration setup to explore route-specific off-equilibrium deviations related to Covid-19 that have affected clean (petroleum products) and dirty (crude oil) tanker freight rates, over and above the expected macroeconomic reactions. We find that the additional deviation caused by...

In the aftermath of the European sovereign debt crisis (2009–2014), the management of expectations has risen in importance. However, policy responses have emphasized the management of fiscal spending without examining the impact changes in the business confidence have on the economy. This...

We employ a cointegration setup to explore route-specific off-equilibrium deviations related to COVID-19 that have affected clean (petroleum products) and dirty (crude oil) tanker freight rates, over and above the expected macroeconomic reactions. We find that the additional deviation caused by...

In the current study, we examine, for the first time in the literature, the impact of exogenous effects in the shipping industry by employing data from the recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and explore the reactions of freight rates for dry bulk, clean, and dirty tankers. Our results, using both...

With interest rates at the zero lower bound, central banks resort to unconventional methods to fuel the economy, such as Quantitative Easing (QE). Since QE has become widely used over the past decade, we examine for any possible adverse effects it can have on wealth inequality, measured as the...