The COVID-19 pandemic caused an interruption in Brazilian soccer in 2020. Since early July, the presence of fans at stadiums was strictly forbidden by law. The literature states that crowds' pressure could result in a referee's bias against the away team and increase the home team's pressure to...

The end of the nineteenth century is a remarkable period in Brazilian economic history. In 1889, Brazil had just turned from Empire to a Republic when a monetary and financial crisis known as Encilhamento took place. The infant Brazilian republic had neither experience nor adequate institutions...