Increasing criminal sanctions may reduce crime through two primary mechanisms: deterrence and incapacitation … of the law change, so any short-term impact on crime can be attributed solely to deterrence. Using cross-state variation … associated with large spillovers to other types of crime …

. Moreover, in these municipalities: i) newspapers were more likely to report crime news involving pardoned individuals; ii …) voters held worse beliefs on the incumbent national government's ability to control crime and iii) with respect to the …

recidivating within a year by 20 percent. This is largely a specific deterrence effect driven by the punishment itself and not by …

In 2016 the city of Bogotá doubled police patrols and intensified city services on high-crime streets. They did so … based on a policy and criminological consensus that such place-based programs not only decrease crime, but also have … effects and that such crime displaced nearby, especially property crimes. Confidence intervals suggest we can rule out total …

Defense, affects crime rates. To identify the causal effect of militarized policing on crime, we use temporal variations in US …