2020. We find that male-female gaps in the employment-to-population ratio and hours worked for women with school …

We study the short, medium, and longer run employment effects of a substantial change in the parental leave benefit … heterogeneous response incentives. We find that the reform speeds up the labor market return of both groups of mothers after benefit … effect are changes in social norms and mothers' preferences for economic independence. …

Women's labor force participation has rapidly increased in most countries, but mothers still struggle to achieve a … employment. Family policies that subsidize childcare and increase its availability have different effects on female labor supply … may depend on countryspecific pre-reform female employment and earnings, and childcare availability, costs, and quality. …

effect on employment of mothers who used to work outside the home before giving birth and might prevent some mothers from … payments in households where the annual income of the higher-earning exceeded their threshold encouraged mothers to start ….Furthermore, we find that some mothers who started working as part-time workers because of the cuts in CB used to work full …