Most economic models struggle to incorporate biophysical relationships between materials, energy and emissions, in …

renewable fuel standard. Thus, if emissions from biofuels are negligible, the standard will have beneficial climate effects. The … standard also reduces total fuel (i.e., oil plus biofuels) consumption initially. Hence, even if emissions from biofuels are … biofuels that are almost as emissions-intensive as oil, a renewable fuel standard has beneficial climate effects. …

- accelerating cost reductions in the clean backstop technologies, taxing emissions, improving energy efficiency, and a clean fuel …Efforts to limit cumulative emissions over the next century may be partially thwarted by the responses of fossil fuel … they predict such strong supplier responses that climate policies may have no effect on cumulative emissions and may even …

options that each are capable of contributing significantly to the abatement of global CO2 emissions: nuclear energy and coal …

experiment, to see if linking them to a vehicle’s CO2 emissions rate has helped shift new car sales towards cleaner, lower … of CO2 per kilometer reduces the average CO2 emissions rate from new cars by only 0.46 gram per kilometer, bringing it to …

greenhouse gas emissions in the EU area and Finland as well as for simulating the economic impacts of EU climate policy. Climate … policy analysis necessitates a model of the whole EU area, because CO2 emissions of the EU area emission trading sector … sector. -- Greenhouse gas emissions ; economic impacts of emission reduction …