, exposed children had a lower level of development, cognition skills, and more attention problems relative to children not … child by age 2. By exploiting a longitudinal dataset of children and their parents, we find that children who were exposed … trimester of pregnancy. The negative impact on cognitive skills and development is concentrated on lower-income children and …

The economic and psychological literatures have demonstrated that early investments (private and public) in children … countries, implying that mothers spend less time with their children and that families rely more on external sources of …

parental leave from 12 to 24 months for children born on July 1, 1990 or later. We use test scores from the Austrian PISA test …

development and socio-economic development gaps. For children born before January 1, 2007, parental leave benefits were means …-tested and paid for up to 24 months after childbirth. For children born thereafter, parental leave benefits were earnings … study the reform effects on children's language skills, motor skills, socio-emotional stability, and school readiness using …

compulsory schooling from five to eight years, on the developmental outcomes of children aged 36 to 59 months. We draw upon data … increase in maternal educational attainment and corresponding enhancements in children's readiness to learn. Exploring the … with their children. In a further examination of parental outcomes, we find evidence pointing to narrower educational and …