competing conceptions of the Westminster Parliament's sovereignty. In issue has been whether or how parliamentary sovereignty … of the Constitution'. The dichotomy was, on the one hand, of a formal legal conception of Parliament's sovereignty as … limitless in theory and, on the other hand, of a substantive political conception of its sovereignty as limited in actuality …

The thirteenth century was an era of bold constitutional experiments in Europe. During this age, for the first time in … history, fiscal constitutions, i.e., limits on the fiscal prerogatives of the state, emerged. In Portugal, this manifested …

Powerful, centralized states controlling a large share of national income only begin to appear in Europe after 1500. We … success and patterns of state building in early modern Europe. The evidence is consistent with the predictions of our model …

Powerful, centralized states controlling a large share of national income only begin to appear in Europe after 1500. We … success and patterns of state building in early modern Europe. The evidence is consistent with the predictions of our model …