, on trade and consumer welfare in China, the EU, and the rest of the World. We employ a general equilibrium structural … the BRI for China and the EU where a 15 percent reduction in transportation costs between China and the EU would increase … the welfare of a representative consumer in China by 1.27 percent and the EU by 0.5 percent. On the other hand, we find …

than in the past and as much emphasis appears to be placed on import substitution as on export expansion to reduce the …

The majority of African countries implemented import liberalisation in the 1990s. This paper explores factors that may … factors have influenced the pattern of tariffs or tariff reductions since the early 1990s. One result does appear frequently … average tariffs and in the dispersion of rates, with larger proportional reductions for higher tariffs – consistent with …