"Firms in Africa report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top constraint to their growth. We argue that … often firms in Africa do not cope with policy rules, rather they face deals; firm-specific policy actions that can be … uncorrelated with ex-post firm-level responses, further evidence that deals rather than rules prevail in Africa. Strikingly, the …

Firms in Africa report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top constraint to their growth. This paper … argues that often firms in Africa do not cope with policy rules, rather they face deals: firm-specific policy actions that … Africa. Strikingly, the gap between de jure and de facto conditions grows with the formal regulatory burden. The evidence …

Firms in Africa report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top constraint to their growth. We argue that … often firms in Africa do not cope with policy rules, rather they face deals; firm-specific policy actions that can be … uncorrelated with ex-post firm-level responses, further evidence that deals rather than rules prevail in Africa. Strikingly, the …

Firms in Africa report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top constraint to their growth. This paper … argues that often firms in Africa do not cope with policy rules, rather they face deals: firm-specific policy actions that … than rules prevail in Africa. Strikingly, the gap between de jure and de facto conditions grows with the formal regulatory …

Firms in Africa report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top constraint to their growth. We argue that … often firms in Africa do not cope with policy rules, rather they face deals; firm-specific policy actions that can be … uncorrelated with ex-post firm-level responses, further evidence that deals rather than rules prevail in Africa. Strikingly, the …