that a rise in conditional consumption growth volatility relative to the rest of the world reduces the foreign exchange … relation between the volatility in consumption growth and the level of real interest rates relative to the world interest rate …We construct a measure of the short-term world interest rate using principal component analysis. Drawing on real …

A widely held view is that openness to international trade leads to higher GDP volatility, as trade increases … important, openness to international trade can lower GDP volatility by reducing exposure to domestic shocks and allowing … question of whether and how international trade affects economic volatility …