to examine the effects of crude oil volatility (VTOIL), the Geopolitical Risk Index (GPR), and the world uncertainty …: First, a negative shock of crude oil volatility can negatively affect the Saudi financial development. In addition … both negative and positive crude oil volatility shocks, the economic growth is more susceptible to a positive shock …

crisis. Within a partial investment model, two kinds of uncertainty are introduced: volatility and disaster risk. The article … uncertainty modeled as Brownian motions. The article provides a comprehensive picture of short- and long-term volatility effects …

This study examines the moderating effects of the real exchange rate and its volatility on the finance-growth nexus in … levels of the real exchange rates and its volatility. The findings show that financial development has a long-term positive … impact on economic growth, but this impact is weakened by real exchange rate and its volatility. The marginal effects of …