Okun's law is formulated as the ratio between GDP and unemployment (UE): β = f(GDP/UE). It is used to investigate the … replaced the United States UE with employment (EM) for the years 1977 to 2021 and examined how employment changed relative to … "jobless recovery" is that employment should not increase more rapidly than the real economy. …

This paper considers employment growth and unemployment from 1990-2010 in a cross-section of cities in light of … — employment growth and unemployment rates — underscores the mitigating roles of migration and labor force participation in … unemployment rates in 83 central cities in the United States. Change in educational attainment over time is suggestive of causing …