The rapidly growing literature on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has not univocally identified the "real" causal relationship yet. We argue that bivariate models, which analyze the causality at the level of the total economy, are not appropriate - especially in...

To clarify the causal links between financial activity and economic growth, a series of path models is estimated for a pooled sample of 93 countries between 1970 and 1990. A multi-wave 2SLQ-analysis shows that during the 1970's and 1980's finance was predominantly a supply-leading determinant of...