The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact and causality of crude oil and natural gas on economic growth in the Caspian Sea region. Here, the study applies ordinary least square (OLS) method and Granger causality test using time series data from 1997 to 2015 to ascertain the...

In 2018, exports of fuel and energy commodities increased by nearly 36%t as compared to the previous year, while growth in non-oil and gas exports amounted to over 11%. However, it was mainly facilitated by improvement of the pricing situation on the market. Within a year, imports rose by 5%...

Russian economic growth relies much on natural resources, leading to large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this article aims to explore the causal relationship between oil/coal/natural gas consumption, coal/oil/natural gas rents, and economic growth in the example of the...