Private-public partnership (PPP) methods are considered to be an effective way to narrow the gap between demand and supply of social infrastructure. If successfully pursued, PPP can deliver benefits to users, governments, and the private sector, or the so-called triple wins. Enhancing efficiency...

In 2015 the Indonesian Government introduced a program to implement a Social Safety Net the “Village Fund” (Dana Desa) to improve village life and build infrastructure. With the arrival of the Covid19 virus in 2020, the Indonesian Government chose to use this program to distribute funds to...