income) of economic development, viz. the HDI. We put forward a methodology that would achieve this end. This has … liability. The contention that GED is essentially "caused" by a certain type of development characteristic of high (income …

had per capita income levels similar to those of developing countries now. We employ a broad sample of aggregate energy … energy leapfrogging, expressed as the energy intensity of income growth; we show that industrializing economies are adopting … less energy-intensive, and by implication less polluting, economic activities when their income levels reach the same per …

-OECD countries, similar across income-bands. Also, there is no evidence that individual country elasticity estimates (for GDP or … prices) vary systematically according to income. The price elasticity is larger (in absolute terms) for OECD than for non …