African countries for the analysis. Robust evidence from the system GMM estimator shows that: (1) election periods … surprise in election periods. Policy recommendations are provided in the end. …

Does democracy increase economic growth? Previous literature tends to find a positive effect but does also suffer from … district leaders in Indonesia were performed in a staggered manner, and decided such that the year of election is exogenous … that have not had a direct election, which more specifically is performed by using a difference-in-difference approach. Our …

Despite the growing public debate on fiscal surprise during election periods in jurisdictions where the democratic … study provides evidence from the dynamic system GMM and the ordinry least squares estimators to show that- (1) election … servicing commitments even in election periods. Policy recommendations are provided in line with the growing levels of debt …

uncertain prospects of re-election, find it optimal to follow relatively shortsighted fiscal policies, and that this lowers …