Economic analysts have used trends in total factor productivity (TFP) to evaluate the effectiveness with which … economies are utilizing advances in technology. However, this measure is problematic on several different dimensions. First, the … idea that it is possible to separate out the relative contribution to economic output of labor, capital, and technology …

efficiency, labor productivity, and growth. We also include imports into the knowledge production function, because catching up … economies may adopt technologies embodied in imported hardware. Additionally, we link productivity and innovation output to … process innovation in all performance features except for labor productivity. However, higher efficiency does not improve the …