national income, using estimated mortality rates of early European settlers to instrument capital expropriation risk. However … 36 of the 64 countries in their sample are assigned mortality rates from other countries, typically based on mistaken or … conflicting evidence. Also, incomparable mortality rates from populations of laborers, bishops, and soldiers - often on campaign …

We examine the long-run relationship between fertility, mortality, and income using panel cointegration techniques and … the available data for the last century. Our main result is that mortality changes and growth of income per capita account … for a major part of the fertility change characterizing the demographic transition. The change of mortality alone, however …