cover pandemics have a change in trend and persistence in growth, and in level and persistence in unemployment. We find that … in recent times seem to have a permanent effect on growth. Moreover, our results show that the unemployment rate … timely counter-cyclical policies to soften the shock of the pandemic. …

the differences in the growth impact of the COVID-19 shock. Our findings underscore the critical role of balancing health … and economic concerns in managing the pandemic as both a country’s exposure to the coronavirus and the stringency of … or oil production – has significantly amplified the shock …