the economies of Russia and the euro area. The effects of sanctions are analyzed with a structural vector autoregression …The conflict between Russia and Ukraine that started in March 2014 led Western countries and Russia to impose economic … sanctions on each other, including the euro zone members. The paper investigates the impact of the sanctions on the real side of …

current increasing international sanctions aim to reduce the military capabilities and capacities of the Iranian government …

implications are investigated in an intertemporal Ramsey growth model. The model offers a calibrated tariff - equivalence measure … of the sanction effect and allows for counterfactual analysis of no - sanctions. Increased ope nness is shown to reduce … consistent with the observation that economic growth under sanctions has been slow and with an increase in the relative wage of …