Since 2020, Indonesia has been facing the Covid-19 pandemic for 2 years. Many impacts caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, especially on the economy, have led to a recession. Regional revenues are disrupted during a recession so local governments depend on central government transfer funds. From...

Digital transformation is a driver of economic growth by improving labour productivity, increasing competitiveness and exploiting the potential of e-commerce. Digital revolution is “a game changer” as it reshapes the way production, distribution and consumption are organised within firms and...

Efficiency and equity are cornerstone concepts in rational service delivery in the public sector. This paper benchmarks efficiency and equity in public spending on health, education and social protection in a broad group of Asian Development Bank (ADB) member economies with varying levels of...