better define the geographic area hit by the disaster. We examine two large-scale earthquakes that occurred in two different …

aggregate output; and (ii) reduced form demand models, where income is expected to cause (separately) per capita residential … energy consumption, per capita residential electricity consumption, and per capita gasoline consumption. We uncover for 12 … different panels a set of super-consistent causality findings across three demand models that income “Granger-causes” per capita …

; and (ii) reduced form demand models, where income is expected to cause (separately) per capita residential electricity … across two demand models that income “Granger-causes” per capita consumption. By contrast, the results from the production …