for the various countries are as follows: i) Productivity appears to reduce environmental pollution in France, Germany …, Italy, and the United States. ii) R&D expenditure reduces environmental pollution in Canada, Germany, Japan, the United … States, and the whole panel. iii) In the United States, renewable energy reduces environmental pollution. iv) Urbanization …

EKC pattern in the long run. Concerning on the impact of trade openness, we confirmed the pollution haven hypothesis for …