Smart specialization has become a hallmark of the EU's Cohesion Policy. Envisaged as a bottom-up initiative identifying local knowledge cores and associated competitive advantages, the operationalization of smart specialization has been rather limited, as a coherent set of analytical tools to...

Countries deploy a variety of financial, regulatory and soft policy instruments to promote science-industry knowledge exchange. While these instruments are often discussed in isolation, they are implemented collectively and may reinforce and complement but also weaken or even negatively affect...

A century ago, Britain produced 50% of the world demand for cloth and iron, and 70% of the world demand for pottery and coal. Today Britain's exports have grown by 300%, but manufacturing – in total – accounts for only 13% of that. The huge increase has been in areas associated with...