This paper presents the first assessment of the efficiency of the technology transfer operated by the French university system and its main determinants. The analysis is based on a detailed and original database of 51 technology transfer offices (TTOs) categorised by the type of university to...

A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer. We present a systematic review of research on academic scientists’ involvement in these activities to which we...

The so-called "European Paradox" holdsthat European Union countries play a leading global role in terms of high-levelscientific output, but lag behind in their ability to convert this strengthinto wealth-generating innovations. This study argues that the paradox isincorrect and hence, that the...