In this paper, we present the results of a network analysis applied to academic patent data in a subsector of the … chemical field in Italy in the period 2000–2011. In particular, we analyse the micro-level interactions to point out the … propriety rights. Type A (open science) exemplifies the typical owned patent; type B (multiple ties) represents the hybrid …

invention. We identify the relationships through firm-specific exposure to changes in federal agency R\&D budgets that are … innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and …