I investigate the welfare properties of a broad class of electoral systems with endogenous turnout. I find that the welfare ranking of electoral systems depends on the composition of the electorate. If citizens have identical voting costs, then all electoral systems that satisfy certain...

Despite the extensive literature on armed conflict, little is known about the medium- and long-term effects of electoral violence on children’s health. This paper shows that electoral violence of low scale yet recursive nature has a detrimental impact on the height of children and adolescents...