child by age 2. By exploiting a longitudinal dataset of children and their parents, we find that children who were exposed …, exposed children had a lower level of development, cognition skills, and more attention problems relative to children not … trimester of pregnancy. The negative impact on cognitive skills and development is concentrated on lower-income children and …

perinatally depressed mothers in rural Pakistan. It was one the largest psychotherapy interventions in the world, and the … treatment was highly successful at reducing depression. We locate mothers seven years after the end of the intervention to …

. Parenthood imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … to a child. Instead, they seem to mirror the psychological effects of having, raising, and investing in children …. Supporting this interpretation, matched adoptive mothers (who do not experience the biological impacts of childbirth) also …

imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … differential help-seeking behavior across the sexes or postpartum depression. Instead, they are related to mothers' higher … investments in childcare: Mothers who take extended maternity leave in quasi-experimental settings are more likely to face mental …