first-born of the early 1960s: they grew up much more often in "modern" families (two children max, working mother and … significant likelihood of parental divorce) than children of higher birth orders born at the same time in other families. However …, this change in family environment did not coincide with any decline in their educational or occupational achievement. …

analysis of mechanisms reveals that the intervention modified the production function of children's skills, by lowering the …

The economic and psychological literatures have demonstrated that early investments (private and public) in children … countries, implying that mothers spend less time with their children and that families rely more on external sources of …