systems. In this study, we ask if high-stakes testing affects school-related stress among students and if there are gender … that high-stakes testing increases the gender gap in school-related stress. The results are robust to a range of …

, teachers, and peers. We find no evidence of differential responses by gender. …

This paper analyses (age-adjusted) employment rates by gender and education. We find that malefemale gender gaps and … by 10.6 percentage points, whereas closing the gender gaps between men and women would lead to an increase of 2 ….5 percentage points. At the same time, closing both the gender and education gaps would raise the EU employment rate from 76% to 89 …