We investigate the impact of government-provided child care on women's careers. Using a unique employer-employee matched data set from Germany, we find that mothers in low child care counties experience a 25% larger earnings penalty than mothers in high child care counties. This penalty is...

We show that competitive female role models reduce women's perceived stereotype threat and increase their willingness to compete. Competitive male role models have the opposite effect. They seem to discourage women from competing and, as a result, the gender gap in tournament entry increases....

We show that signals of higher education, professional experience, and access to professional networks are more valuable for women's career advancement than for men's. On average, additional qualification signals increase male directors' probability to become CEO by 10.1%, while this probability...

This paper examines the impact of counter-stereotypical female role models on women's labor supply and occupational choices. Using hand-collected data from Gallup surveys that cover a long time series, we create a direct measure of counter-stereotypical female role models based on the fraction...