Exploiting two unexpected variations in sickness absence policy for civil servants in Italy, this paper assesses the relative importance of monitoring and monetary incentives in determining a basic measure of effort: presence at work. When stricter monitoring was introduced together with an...

We apply a direct method to estimate tax evasion in Italy assuming that ax evaders might consider declaring a closer-to-true income in an anonymous interview. The methodology is applied to employed and self-employed tax-payers, combining the Survey of Household Income (SHIW) by the Bank of Italy...