Ideally a new reform of the EU trade regime for bananas (COMB) should be equipped in a way that it makes a long-term contribution to the realisation of sustainable goals, or at least does not prevent them. From a point of view of sustainable development, a trade restriction measure has to...

Acknowledging the potential detrimental impact that twin-deficits may have on sovereign risk, this study uses a two-step approach to assess the impact of fiscal and external sustainability on sovereign risk dynamics for a panel of 27 European Economies between 2001Q4 and 2022Q3. To do so, we...

The relationship between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and governments has evolved over time, from a period of conflict after World War II to a more cooperative relationship in the 1970s and 1980s (Dunning, 1993). In the 1990s, many host governments sought foreign direct investments (FDIs) by...

Environmental, social and governance (ESG) funds are among the fastest growing investment styles. ESG funds can be used either to only mitigate risk (input ESG) or to go beyond that to create impact (output ESG). We argue that the governance by ESG is characterised by three potential...

This paper aims to assess the understanding of environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations within the banking context and examines the current market practices in this area. To that extent this paper sets out the various definitions of ESG factors and also sets out how these then...

Private investors are an increasingly important voice in sustainability challenges. We examine investors' attitudes and behavior towards sustainable investing through a survey of 5,030 Finnish private investors. We document that 60 percent of all respondents consider environmental, social, and...