The IMF’s main uses of the International Comparison Program’s (ICP) estimates of purchasing power parity (PPP)-adjusted Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are as an element of the formula used to help guide decisions on its members’ quotas and in the World Economic Outlook (WEO). The paper...

The concepts of potential output and the output gap are central to the IMF’s analytical work in providing policy recommendations to member governments. This key role has stimulated research at the IMF to develop and refine estimation techniques. This paper summarizes the methodology and...

In view of the progressive development of the ESG concept, this paper measures the sovereign ESG index of 171 countries worldwide over the period 1990-2020 by employing the entropy weight method based on relevant indicators from the World Bank's Sovereign ESG Database. The graphical analysis of...

The estimation and validation of the Basel II risk parameters PD (default probability), LGD (loss given default), and EAD (exposure at default) is an important problem in banking practice. This book covers designing and validating rating systems and default probability estimations. Furthermore,...