In the 1960s and 1970s, oil supplies were a source of international political conflict. Major oil companies, such as Exxon, Shell, and BP were key actors in this conflict. With their vertical, multinational structures, they dominated production and trade. The study examines their strategies and...

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been declining in numbers in most industries. However, in the oil and gas industry, state-owned national oil companies (NOCs) continue to secure dominant positions in most of the oil-producing countries. In some instances, energy-exporting countries conducted...