We examine the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on loan spreads of syndicated bank loans, with a particular interest in how CSR and credit ratings are interrelated as a joint determinant of loan spreads. Focusing on private debt contracts, we show that both CSR...

We show that sovereign debt impairments can have a significant impact on financial markets and real economies through a credit ratings channel. Specifically, we find that firms reduce their investment and reliance on credit markets due to a rising cost of debt capital following a sovereign...

Hedge Ratio Variation under Different Energy Market Conditions: New Evidence by Using Quantile-Quantile Approach -- The Use of AI in Metaverse -- What Proportion of the Bitcoin Ecosystem is Controlled by Bots? -- Exploring the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Leverage of Listed...