Introduction Healthcare expenditure, a common input used in health systems efciency analyses is afected by population age structure. However, while age structure is usually considered to adjust health system outputs, health expenditure and other inputs are seldom adjusted. We propose methods for...

Economic and policy implications of population aging / Robert Clark, Andrew Mason, Naohiro Ogawa -- Population aging, changing retirement policies and lifetime earnings profiles in Japan / Robert Clark, Naohiro Ogawa, Rikiya Matsukura -- Firm productivity, work-force age and educational...

Rapid ageing of the population globally represents an unprecedented historical trend. As pension and healthcare costs are positively correlated with rising incomes, ageing, urbanization, and a shift from communicable to life-style diseases, managing these costs is a major challenge. There are...