As emerging markets, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) participating countries have great development room for automobile industries. Yet the greater climate change pressure may hinder the development of the upstream and downstream industries chain of domestic automobile industries. Therefore,...

We test for pollution haven effects in outward foreign direct investment (FDI) for different sectors using a comprehensive and exhaustive dataset for outward FDI from the Netherlands, one of the most environmentally stringent countries and a major source of global FDI. Our evidence suggests that...