-euro area assets/liabilities, before stage 3 of EMU. A number of key factors determining the currency distribution of … a special emphasis on the first year of the euro. A contribution is made as to how to measure these roles, both for … identification of changes in the role of the euro during 1999 compared to the aggregate of euro predecessor currencies, net of intra …

Policymakers fear the potentially destabilizing impact of fickle global investors on emerging markets. Euro area … currency denomination and issuer-level risk factors. First, euro area investors exhibit a strong home currency bias that … manifests itself both as a cross-sectional preference and in the form of relatively stable flows to Euro-denominated bonds over …

Facility. We provide new evidence on how the central bank swap lines and FIMA Repo Facility can reduce strains in global dollar … funding markets and U.S. Treasury markets during extreme stress events. These facilities are found to reduce strains in dollar …

Official holdings of US dollar reserves are partly invested outside the United States. These offshore investments do … not strictly speaking finance the US current account, but do support the US dollar. Offshore holdings grow fast when …