This paper presents the results of a calculation model for biofuel production costs in 2015 and 2020 based on raw material price projections and considering scale and learning effects. Distinguishing six types of biofuels, the paper finds that scale economies and learning effects are critical...

Biofuels are promoted by politics in more and more countries worldwide. This is being justified by positive effects on the climate, energy, and agricultural policy. The paper describes the current and future markets for biofuels and the existing biofuel programs in single countries. It analyzes...

Conceiving, exploring, and exploiting new ideas are the basis for technological creativity and innovation. By far, the most important step is the conception of a new idea having the potential to be transformed to a successful business solution. Nevertheless, the exploration of a new idea and its...