income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other … nations, as in a strategic game of international conflict handing over military spending decisions to citizens who face a …

Macroeconomic costs of conflict are generally very large, with GDP per capita about 28 percent lower ten years after … conflict onset. This is overwhelmingly driven by private consumption, which falls by 25 percent ten years after conflict onset …. Conflict is also associated with dramatic declines in official trade, with exports (imports) estimated to be 58 (34) percent …

-stage game with three competing importers, where fi rst, two of the countries decide on whether to initiate war against each …), but could render the eruption of war between member and non-member countries more likely (peace diversion). This paper is … literature to endogenize countries terms of trade. We use data from the Correlates of War project to empirically test these …

affect the welfare characteristics and choices of individuals and households in conflict areas. -- conflict ; violence ; war …, and across time, how individuals, households and communities are affected by violent conflict. The report provides an … data-bases used to operationalize the variables of interest and discuss the channels linking violent conflict to individual …