This paper offers a new way of assessing government cash transfers using a social welfare function framework. It demonstrates how one can use social welfare functions to measure the efficiency of such program s without requir ing the specif ication of a poverty line or particular poverty...

This paper investigates the dynamic volatility spillover among energy commodities and financial markets in pre-and mid-COVID-19 periods by utilizing a novel TVP-VAR frequency connectedness approach and the QMLE-based realized volatility data. Our findings indicate that the volatility spillover...