income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other … nations, as in a strategic game of international conflict handing over military spending decisions to citizens who face a …

Macroeconomic costs of conflict are generally very large, with GDP per capita about 28 percent lower ten years after … conflict onset. This is overwhelmingly driven by private consumption, which falls by 25 percent ten years after conflict onset …. Conflict is also associated with dramatic declines in official trade, with exports (imports) estimated to be 58 (34) percent …

To date, there is limited understanding about the consequences of wartime dynamics for post-war state … armed groups govern territories and civilians within them-that under certain circumstances may be harnessed in the post-war … the type of statebuilding and political regime trajectories that emerge in the post-war period. …

-stage game with three competing importers, where fi rst, two of the countries decide on whether to initiate war against each …), but could render the eruption of war between member and non-member countries more likely (peace diversion). This paper is … literature to endogenize countries terms of trade. We use data from the Correlates of War project to empirically test these …

We survey selected parts of the growing literature on the microeconomics of violent conflict, identifying where … review on the role of civilian agency in conflict; on wartime institutions; and on the private sector in conflict. Future … research requires new and better sources of data on conflict and conflict impacts, including from household surveys in conflict …