The WTO has increased international disciplines on export policy, but there is still scope for the use of export subsidies and other measures to promote exports. Under macroeconomic and trade reforms of the last decade, many countries have reduced or eliminated import measures which operate as...

Improvements in the land route between India and Pakistan can help lower transaction costs which can play in important role in realizing the trade potential between the two countries. Connecting India and Pakistan by the land route offers gains not only to the two countries but would spread over...

Over recent years Russia has actually become a monoculture exporter: three types of energy resources (crude oil, oil products and natural gas) ensure about 60% of the overall export volume. In the circumstances of such high export concentration over a small group of commodities, Russia's room...

Trade facilitation policies intend to simplify administrative processes and accelerate the handling of shipments across borders. Recent research shows that these policies have substantial effects on trade flows. In this chapter, we discuss what the existing evidence for trade implies for the...

This study estimates the effect of trade facilitation measures implementation on trade costs in Asia and the Pacific using data from the United Nations Global Survey on Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation. Impact of different sets of measures are considered, from a basic set of...

Digital trade facilitation refers to the application of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) to simplify and automate international trade procedures. It is rapidly becoming essential to maintaining trade competitiveness and enabling effective participation in cross-border...

This paper presents a review of the Aid for Trade program introduced by the World Trade Organization in 2005. Although the volume of international trade has been growing, it is mainly due to the developed countries and some Asian emerging countries. In spite of the favourable market access...

The role of international trade was irreplaceable at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, especially the trade in medical supplies and food for all affected countries. Trade as a part of this crisis, certainly should not be an element of further countries' closing and new trade barriers...

The WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) is an important agreement that aims to simplify and simplify trade procedures, lower trade costs and increase transparency and predictability in global trade. For Bangladesh, a highly export-dependent developing country, TFA offers significant...