reflect and perpetuate gender norms that limit women's economic participation, and removal of these impediments through legal …, and the United States) that rank high in gender equality in their respective regions demonstrate how legal reforms have …

endowments and learning productivity, although the largest part remains unexplained. Countries’ general level of gender (in …

This paper uses cross-country data to examine the long-term effect of trade openness on the gender gaps in wages …, education, political empowerment and health. Key findings are: trade openness since 1970 reduced the gender gaps in wages and … openness on the gender wage gap remained observable in later years (1980, 1990 and 2000), although it decreased in degree over …