This paper provides novel insights into the dynamic properties of variance and semivariance premia. Considering nine international stock market indices, we find consistent evidence of significantly negative total and downside (semi)variance premia of around -15 bps per month. These premia almost...

This study presents an assessment of Pakistan's energy security performance by measuring its Energy Security Index (ESIOP) for the years 1991-2040. The ESIOP consists of 39 indicators finalized by discrimination analysis, reliability testing and weighted through principal component analysis...