Customs-related corruption costs World Customs Organisation (WCO) members at least $2 billion in customs revenue each … only help reduce corruption and improve efficiency - in a large number of customs agencies -- if the customs agency …'s director undertakes a big-bang approach to reform. We also find support for the corruption clubs theory - that customs agencies …

governance that sometimes leads to resources being used for private rather than public benefit. It discusses the corruption that …, not least in improving the information base. Although corruption and theft may never be fully eliminated, they can …

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between corruption and the emigration of those with high, medium … and low levels of educational attainment. The empirical results indicate that as corruption increases the emigration rate … levels of educational attainment, however, increases at initial levels of corruption and then decreases beyond a certain …

This paper examines the relationship between corruption and public debt in 106 countries. Results suggest that … corruption leads to an increase in public debt. We also investigate if the effect of corruption on pblic debt is increased by … government expenditure, the shadow economy and military expenditure. We find that the effect of corruption on public debt is …

Knowing whether corruption leads to higher emigration rates - and among which groups - is important because most labor … emigration is from developing to developed countries. If corruption leads highly-skilled and highlyeducated workers to leave … unemployment, lowering the returns to human capital and encouraging further emigration. Corruption also shifts public spending from …